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The Female Family Tree: A Genealogy of Solidarity and Its Legacy scrap

by Kim Yo-Subgo link Translated by Sean Lin Halbertgo link March 10, 2022



After Korea’s liberation from Japan, authors and critics of the time who shaped the course of modern Korean literature shared a common generational identity. They defined themselves as the “fatherless generation,” a sense of identity that was both a reflection of the historical pain experienced by Korean society and a source of ambition for a group looking to open a new era in literature.


The literature of the fatherless generation used the death of fathers as a symbol for both the anguish of having to experience the diminishment of Korea into a colony of the Japanese empire and the pain of having to see Korean society obliterated by two bloody wars. Of course, it was not merely a symbolic expression of pain. The frequent massacres and bloodshed in the period of chaos immediately following liberation was something no one could escape. But under the dictatorial regimes that ruled South Korea all the way up to the end of the 1980s, Korean people could only give expression to the pain of losing their fathers covertly in the form of fiction, or “made-up stories.”


The “fatherless generation” can simultaneously be defined as “sons whose fathers were murdered.” But it is also the source of ambition for a generation of writers who wanted to establish the start of a new era, a new age of literature. The world order they should have inherited from their fathers was destroyed by colonial rule and two wars, but this also meant that they had a blank sheet on which they could rebuild. This identity as a fatherless generation is interconnected with the desperate yet ambitious plan to create a new society, and it is for this reason that it is such an important axis in the tradition of modern Korean literature.


The identity as a fatherless generation was a foundation for preserving the memories of violence buried by Korean society. But this sense of identity limits the history of Korea and its literature to being a lineage of fathers and sons. It conceals parts of this bloody history as though it did not also affect mothers and daughters. The narrative of fatherless sons may form one axis of Korea’s literary history, but it has neglected the history of women as well as authors and works that depict the female family tree. And this is in spite of the fact that female stories have, for a long time, told the same history of violence depicted in the literature of fatherless sons. And now in the 2020s, there continue to appear novels that rewrite family genealogies formed under the belief that sons were the only ones able to continue history and the genealogy of the people who lived through it. This phenomenon is evidence that Korean literature is undergoing a type of structural transformation.


After the feminist reboot in the 2010’s, an important inflection point for Korean literature, there was strong opposition to the era in which men were the agents of literature. The set-in-stone ways of thinking that concealed and reduced the voices and point of views of minorities like women, LGBT, and disabled people, are slowly beginning to erode. Feminist literature, which had championed narratives of horizontal unity connecting the power and voices of all contemporary minorities, is now drawing the family tree of women and consequently expanding its scope vertically as it focuses on the lives of women throughout Korean history. This endeavor is in opposition to the patriarchal world order that equates Korean history with a male-dominant genealogy that focuses on how sons inherit their fathers’ legacies. It is also a movement to prove the long-standing heritage of women’s literature in the face of those who tried to erroneously limit it as “new” literature without roots. Not only has Korean feminist literature inherited the rich narratives about the world of women’s lives championed by Korea’s representative female author, Park Wansuh, but it also continues to tell the stories of war and violence that Park so tenaciously gave testimony to. In this way, the endeavor, which one critic called the legacy of “Parkesque things,” is being advanced by evidence of a history of women.


Hwang Jungeun’s composite novel Yeon-nyeon-se-se (Year after year) begins with the story “Pamyo” (Moving a grave), in which a mother, Lee Sun-il, and her daughter, Han Se-jin, go to their home in the countryside to relocate the grave of Se-jin’s grandfather. In Korean literature, graves unite a family’s past (and particularly the violence within that history) with the memories of loss. But this has mostly been an issue of dealing with the male family line. In the story about moving her grandfather’s grave, Hwang focuses not on the grandfather’s memories and emotions, but on those of the mother. In another story titled “Mu-myeong” (Nameless), Hwang depicts through the mother’s past identity not only the memories of losing loved ones, but also the choices the mother had to make at each moment to survive. She shows that, even though many memories are concealed (as though not talking about them makes them go away), there are still other memories and emotions that can never go away. In this sense, these stories, which intertwine the lives of Lee Sun-il, her daughters, and their aunt, assert that the history of women can never vanish.


In Choi Eunyoung’s Balgeun bam (Bright night), astronomer Jiyeon comes across an old picture of a woman who looks just like her, who turns out to be her great-grandmother on her mother’s side. Jiyeon rediscovers herself over the course of the story that traverses the lives of four generations of women and realizes that two women who look almost identical can have unfathomable differences because they are from different worlds and times. And while Jiyeon does learn about her ancestors’ lives as she traces back her family tree, she also learns of the memories of failing to protect the people who relied on you. Each woman’s failure is inevitably unique to her, and this unbridgeable gap of understanding causes them to despair. But there is also a small amount of comfort that they discover in this inability to understand one another. After all, it was in the chasms of incomprehensibility that their love was first fostered. In other words, perhaps complete understanding is not a prerequisite for love and appreciation. In this way, the genealogy between women of different generations is not defined by its singularity and homogeneous relationships, but rather its connections on the basis of mutual respect for generational differences. And it is with this position of respect that women can discover the path to bear their own pain.


Chung Serang’s Siseoneurobuteo (From Sisun) is a narrative about a matrilineal family that centers on the daughters of Shim Sisun, a female artist who continuously fought against a patriarchal world. Sisun’s family have their own way of doing ancestral rites, a core ritual of the patriarchal family order that has worked against her. Through ancestral rites that deviate from patriarchal norms and by cherishing their mother, Sisun’s daughters dismantle the imagination that equates history with paternal blood lines. And by doing so, this opens a path through which female language and genealogy can attain its place at the center of history. In patriarchal East Asian societies, male ancestors, and the rites that honor them are a mechanism that both confirm the patriarchal order and validate men’s belonging to their own genealogy. Not only does the family’s ancestral rites for their mother dismantle this ritualistic form, but it also erects Sisun (a female ancestor) and the type of family she tried to construct, as both a new model for relationships and an exemplary life to follow. The history of women is not a prop from an unseen past or a forgotten time but a shining legacy that younger generations can trust and lean on.



Translated by Sean Lin Halbert


Kim Yo-Sub  is a literary critic. He is active on the
Yojeum bipyeong forum. He studies fiction written about incidents of genocide during the Korean War.

Writer 필자 소개

Kim Yo-Sub

Kim Yo-Sub

Kim Yo-Sub is a literary critic. He is active on the Yojeum bipyeong forum. He studies fiction written about incidents of genocide during the Korean War.

Translator 번역가 소개

Sean Lin Halbert

Sean Lin Halbert

Sean Lin Halbert is a PhD candidate in the Department of Korean Language and Literature at Seoul National University, where he also received his MA. In 2018, he won the GKL Translation Award, the LTI Korea Award for Aspiring Translators, and the Korea Times Modern Korean Literature Translation Award. His translations include Kim Un-su’s Cabinet (Angry Robot, 2021) and Ewhan Kim’s Black Orb (MIRA, 2024). He lives in Seoul and teaches at LTI Korea Translation Academy.

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