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[Essay] Where to Go from Here: The Ecopoetry of Ra Heeduk scrap

by Park Dongeokgo link Translated by Soeun Seogo link June 15, 2023

[Essay] Where to Go from Here: The Ecopoetry of Ra Heeduk 이미지

Author Bio 작가 소개

나희덕

Ra Heeduk

Ra Heeduk made her literary debut in 1989 after winning the JoongAng New Writer’s Award for her poem, “To the Roots.” She is currently a professor in the Department of Creative Writing at Seoul National University of Science and Technology. Ra is the recipient of many literary awards in Korea, including the Kim Su-Young Literary Award, the Hyundae Munhak Literary Award, the Sowol Poetry Prize, the Baek Seok Prize for Literature, and the Daesan Literary Award. Ra has published the poetry collections To the Roots, The Words Stained the Leaves, It’s Not That Far From Here, What is Darkening, Scale & Stairs, Wild Apple, The Time Horses Return, FileName: Lyric Poetry, Possibilist, as well as the essay collections Where Does Purple Come From, A Plate of Poems, Outside Civilization, A Half-Bucket of Water, Remember Those Lights, Stepping towards Arrival, and Wrinkles of Art.

“Even after modernity has made every alley disappear, a poet has the responsibility and right to remember and restore the things that fade away, just as Baudelaire, passing the new Place du Carrousel, recalled the camp of stalls and piles of shafts,” writes Ra Heeduk in her collection of essays, A Half-Bucket of Water. Based on this quote, we may say that to read a poem is to step into an alley and that to open a book of poems is to face the veiled past.

   Ever since Ra Heeduk began contributing to the JoongAng Daily in 1989, writing poetry has been an act of looking back. The title of her first published poem, “To the Roots,” became the title of her first book, published in 1991. In this book, she follows her own roots, from the unjust oppression she experienced as a Korean literature and language teacher all the way back to her childhood when she grew up with other children in the orphanage run by her parents. She does not stop at her own past, however, as she also interrogates the history of Koreafarmers who lost their homes in the rush to urbanization; families separated amidst a divided country; and democracy activists who lost their lives fighting the dictatorship. These images are at the center of Ra’s depictions of Korean society.

   In To the Roots, the poet looks back on the roots of “I” as well as the roots of the Republic of Korea collectively. For Ra, to write has always been closely related to the nostalgia inherent in people, remembering the alleys that are forgotten. A poet is one who extends a hand to someone being swept away by the harsh currents of society. Over her three-decade career, she has published nine books of poems. In that time, her gaze has been fixed on the contradictions and injustices of human civilization that torment the marginalized.

   Ra often writes about the people who have been chased off into the alleys, specifically the poor who have been excluded from the plans to redevelop Seoul. In her poem “Sinjeong, District 6-1,” Ra writes “it is more painful to live somewhere on which things are constantly being built than to live in an abandoned building” (The Words Stained the Leaves). This sentence is born of the fact that the poet’s eyes are not on the development of Seoul but on the people who have been left behind by the times. She is looking not at the beautiful skyscrapers but the low, weathered roofs. The houses of the impoverished, which were once a part of the city, become narrow alleys, and then are excluded from the glittering, new sights of the city or demolished outright.

   What legitimizes such a system that makes people drive away other people? This guilt is aimed not only towards others but also towards the poet herself. In “After Losing That Alley,” the poet moves into a new apartment complex and thinks of “the remorse that required someone’s poverty / and the longing that required someone’s misery” (It’s Not That Far from Here). She admits that her own well-being is impossible without the sacrifice forced upon another. The belief that her life is dependent on another develops into the belief that all life is dependent on one another. For example, in the poem “The Last Memory of the Hand,” she describes how touched she was when she petted a bird in the Sariska woods of India: “I heard the most honest confession of the body.” Here, we can catch a glimpse of the poetic revelation that a poem must deliver not a visual image of nature but the weight and warmth of life that one can feel by actually touching nature.

   Nature must be the root of all alleys that humans have lost. Although as humans we are a part of nature, with our skin always touching all of life, we also try to look at the world as separate from us. How can we experience life? This question is the clue to understanding Ra’s poetry. In “Permitted Surfeit”, she writes such descriptions as “delicious sunlight” and “twelve superfluous baskets of sunshine” (What Is Darkening). Sunlight, something so familiar that it fails to be notable, becomes food that has weight and can be swallowed. Furthermore, in “The Old Tambour,” when she writes “while stitching me, someone went away”, she casts the “I” as a fabric woven from a skein, endlessly becoming and coming undone.

   The skin must be the place where one feels life. The metaphor of touch lends itself to the notion that the time in which life connects with one another is endless. In this way, the poet recalls the clear and simple realization that the contemporary person has become lost in the waves of Korean modernization. A person’s own body is not comprised alone. Even an individual body is made together, and even a single mind is shaped together over a long period of time. Scale & Stairs illustrates life in this sense. The moment she touches a magnolia, she writes, “the smoke’s shadow lay on my hand, above the flower bud. / Ah, whose kiss this is!” (“The Smoke of My Breath”). To Ra, the act of touching is understood as a moment of contact in which she is touched by things that have now disappeared. Thus, what comprises her books are never words but “this stratum of words” (“A Shovelful of Earth”), the experience of beings that have disappeared from the language of the civilized person.

   This understanding of life in Ra’s poetry can be thought of as an alternative to the attitude of “civilized” person who views nature as a target for development. One thinks of other lives as inferior or as objects to be regulated because one has forgotten how one’s own life is indebted to those other lives. This idea grows more clearly into a criticism of society in her recent work where she seeks an ecological way of thought. In Wild Apple, she criticizes the overfishing of minke whales in “Between ‘No Sighting’ and ‘Sighting.’” She also offers Native American animism as an alternative way of thought, writing “When I arrived at the American Indian Village / I realized raindrops are the death of clouds” (“Raindrops”), a line that suggests respect even for inanimate objects as life.

   The epistemic project of deconstructing human-centrism does not simply mean that we must return to a primitive way of thought. The idea that even raindrops and clouds must be understood as subjects with agency is central to contemporary neo-materialism and ecological activism. The formal experiments in The Time Horses Return carries ecological importance. Ra is not writing about the mind of “I” but about the time spent pondering the mind of “you.” The “you” here is not limited to other people but includes other others such as amoeba, grass, and starfish. Ra attempts to record a document of the world from the point of view of such others. The ethical concern consistent throughout the book is to care and worry about the unimaginable pain of “you” and “your” way of existing, the otherness that cannot truly be felt as “mine.” Following this bioethical thought, the poet comes to the conclusion that what is furthest from humans is humans ourselves. As in the line “but you never ended up recalling / the days of fins and gills” (“You and Fish”), evolutionarily, humans and fish have the same ancestor. What humans have forgotten is the true origin of ourselves.

   Our very existence may be an alley we have forgotten. We may have lost sight of how time and the society of others form the mind and body of “I.” Ra writes plainly in Filename: Lyric Poetry: “The marks left by your actions, that’s what I am” (“Rhythm 0”). Again, we have the idea that “I” does not make up one person. Just as countless lives accompany one another to bring one flower to bloom, one person is made by endlessly spending time in the company of others. Such ecological thought crosses all borders, national or racial. “There is no border to crumbling soil,” Ra declares in her poem, “We Ate Soiled Rice.” What is needed for ecological relations is the strength to think beyond the epistemic regimes of capitalism or nationalism.

   For all that, how can the cycle of corporations and capital be stopped? How can nations be stopped? How can we stop love, which respects humans more than the countless lives that bring a flower to bloom? This may seem irrational to some and impossible to others. Ra’s misery and sorrow toward the reckless development of civilization is made clearer in her recent work, Possibilist. As illustrated by the lines “Where are the plastics or drifts accumulated? / When does the new ice age end?” (“Birds of the Pleistocene”), to Ra, this is the era of human pollution and “the new ice age.” To make matters worse, the quarantines of the COVID-19 pandemic cut off human relations, the homeless were driven from shelters, and many things that were once a daily part of life became things that should have disappeared (“The Things that Fade Away”). It has become a matter of course for people to distance themselves from other people.

   Yet, as if it is a poet’s responsibility to say that an ecological community is possible, Ra writes, “I’m trying to become a possibilist / I’m trying to believe in the possibility of impossibility” (“Possibilist”). What is the difference between saying that an ecological relation or community is possible and believing it? Perhaps the difference is not significant, but what her poetry opens up here is not attainment but action. Can a parent agree to provide less than the best for their children? Can a person understand the mind of an animal? Ra’s poetry offers the ecological action of saying that something is possible even if it is not and hurling our whole bodies toward the conclusion that it is. The poet says that she doesn’t know what challenges await and what the future might bring. She admits that we may fail. Therefore, though her poetry claims that it knows nothing about nature, it only grows more and more devoted. Her poetry suggests the adventure toward existence in nature. It prepares for the fact that humans are beings thrown into nature. It is the intense propulsion back to the very beginning.

 

Translated by Soeun Seo

 

 

 

Korean Works Mentioned:

“To the Roots,” To the Roots (Changbi, 1991)

뿌리에게, 뿌리에게(창비, 1991)

“Sinjeong District 6-1,” The Words Stained the Leaves (Changbi, 1994)

신정 6-1 지구, 그 말이 잎을 물들였다(창비, 1994)

“After Losing That Alley,” “The Last Memory of the Hand,” It's Not That Far From Here (Minumsa, 1997)

그 골목 잃어버리고, 손의 마지막 기억, 그곳이 멀지 않다(민음사, 1997)

A Half-Bucket of Water (Changbi, 1999)

반통의 물(창비, 1999)

“Permitted Surfeit,” “The Old Tambour,” What is Darkening (tr. Choi Jongyoll, Jain Publishing Company, 2006)

허락된 과식, 오래된 수틀, 어두워진다는 것(창비, 2001)

“The Smoke of My Breath,” “A shovelful of Earth,” Scale & Stairs (tr. Kim Won Jung, Christopher Merrill, White Pine Press, 2006)

입김, 한 삽의 흙, 사라진 손바닥(문학과지성사, 2004)

“Between 'No Sighting' and 'Sighting,” “Raindrops,” Wild Apple (tr. Young Shil Ji, Daniel Parker, White Pine Press, 2015)

불견과 발견 사이, 빗방울에 대하여, 야생 사과(창비, 2009)

“You and Fish,” The Time Horses Return (Moonji, 2014)

당신과 물고기, 말들이 돌아오는 시간(문학과지성사, 2014)

“Rhythm 0,” “We Ate Soiled Rice,” Filename: Lyric Poetry (Changbi, 2018)

Rhythm 0, 우리는 흙 묻은 밥을 먹었다, 파일명 서정시(창비, 2018)

“Birds of the Pleistocene,” “The Things that Fade Away,” Possibilist (Munhakdongne, 2021)

 홍적기의 새들, 사라지는 것들, 가능주의자(문학동네, 2021)








 

Writer 필자 소개

Park Dongeok

Park Dongeok

Translator 번역가 소개

Soeun Seo

Soeun Seo

Soeun Seo is a poet and translator from South Korea and a current fellow at the Michener Center for Writers. They co-translated Kim Yideum’s Hysteria (Action Books, 2019) and is currently co-translating Kim Min Jeong’s Beautiful and Useless, which will be coming out in October 2020 with Black Ocean.

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