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[Cover Feature] From Climate Change to Climate Grief scrap

by Won Young Leego link Translated by Slin Junggo link June 8, 2023

[Cover Feature] From Climate Change to Climate Grief 이미지

“There it is! The Jang Bogo Station!” someone shouted, looking out the porthole. It was January 2023 when we reached the Jang Bogo Research Station on the continent of Antarctica. Still exhausted with seasickness, I forced myself to climb up to the deck. The wind was gentle that day. The thermometer on the wall showed the mercury steady at two degrees below zero. A balmy day, considering it had been nine below zero on the morning I departed from Seoul. There was a thin cloud cover, but the sun was radiant, and the sea sloshed gently below. This was not what I’d expected to see. On my first visit in 2018, the sea had been covered in ice. But now, it had all melted away, leaving behind deep blue waves. A colleague from the research station came to meet us, dressed in shorts and a T-shirt. “We’ve been having unusually warm weather this year, and not a lot of snow. It’s so hot at the base we’re sweating. You’d better take that jacket off now.”

Antarctica is changing rapidly. Ocean temperatures reached a new high since the research station’s inauguration in 2014. Before, researchers traveled to and from the base by airplane. Once the sea had frozen solid, the ice could be used as a runway. But in October 2022, just one month before the start of Antarctica’s summer, researchers had bored through the ice to measure its thickness; because the sea was much warmer now, the ice was only 1.2 meters, which fell well short of the 1.5 meters required for a safe airplane landing. As a result, the research station canceled all in- and outbound flights, restricting researchers to maritime travel. Only a small fraction of the originally-planned personnel could participate in research now, thanks to these restrictions.

 

Antarctica: Collapsing Ice Shelves and a Penguin Crisis

 

The Nansen Ice Shelf towers over the landscape about fifty kilometers from the Jang Bogo Station. As the local waters warm, the ice shelf begins to melt at the edges. In 2016, part of the ice shelf collapsed. Sea water warmed by climate change had made its way to Antarctica, melting the base of the shelf and creating basal channels, thinning the ice. The cracks in the shelf, first observed in 1999, rapidly widened and spread until two massive chunks, measuring at 214 square kilometers, fell away from the rest of the shelf.

In spite of the rapid changes to the environment, Antarctica remains the coldest, most sparsely populated location in the world, home only to the few marine organisms that have acclimatized to the freezing climatechiefly penguins and seals, which stand at the top of the local food chain. Because the nutritional states of apex predators in a given ecosystem reflect accumulated environmental changes, such animals serve as indicators of changes in the ecosystem. So how has the collapse of the Nansen Ice Shelf impacted the animals of Antarctica? In 2018, researchers tracked the hunting routes of twenty-seven Adélie penguins that resided near the ice shelf. Twenty-two of the penguins continued to swim in the same hunting waters, but the remaining five sought food in the shallow seas newly exposed by the collapse. In other words, while some of the populations acclimatized to the changes in the environment to make use of the newly-exposed hunting zones, the majority had failed to adapt and were likely to experience difficulty in securing nutrients in the future.1



Penguin habitat, King Sejong Station (Jan. 2015)

Photo provided by Won Young Lee


In addition to macro-scale changes like the ice shelf collapse, Antarctic wildlife now contends with smaller obstacles, in a literal sense: penguins must now regularly navigate rogue ice in order to reach open sea. During the 2018 Adélie penguin breeding and nesting season, an ice floe measuring 240 square kilometers emerged near the Jang Bogo Station. For thirteen days, the sea in front of the penguins’ nesting grounds was blocked off by the floe, the largest to be observed in the area by satellites in twenty years. Out of eighteen tracked penguins, only four swam to open waters, whereas the remaining fourteen either crossed or swam around the floe to hunt and return to their young, recording longer travel distances and times relative to other penguins in the area. Although it was not clear if reproductive success rates had been compromised, leading to a decline in the population, the observed penguins undeniably required more effort and energy than usual to raise their chicks in the 2018 season.2



 Penguin habitat, King Sejong Station (Jan. 2020)

Photo provided by Won Young Lee


The Arctic: Mosquito Swarms and a Polar Bear Crisis

 

I first set foot on Greenland in 2016 and spent the next three years following the trails of wildlife in the far north of the country, located less than a thousand kilometers from the North Pole. Greenland’s musk ox, wolves, and geese are just some of the animals that breed and raise their young in the area’s short summer months. Arctic researchers are generally terrified of mosquitoes (Alaskans have a running joke that mosquitoes are their state bird), but the insects generally steer clear of Greenland. Not so in 2018, when daytime temperatures soared past fifteen degrees. Glacier meltwater flowed in streams that carved channels underfoot, and the thaw left the ground dotted with puddles. In the span of two years, I personally experienced the spike in the local mosquito population, and was forced to wear beekeeping gear when venturing outside. Warming temperatures, in other words, were causing environment abnormalities in the Artic ecosystem.3

Following my research in Greenland, I traveled to the Dasan Research Station in Norway, where I observed Arctic tern and barnacle goose nests with Dr. Maarten Loonen’s research team. Suddenly, a polar bear made its way into the nesting grounds. More than a hundred tern nests were ravaged, with not a single egg left intact. The barnacle geese were a little luckier, with five nests left untouched. Dr. Loonen was dejected. “The polar bear must have been starving. At this rate, even the birds will be driven to the brink up here in the Arctic. This is the most devastating situation I’ve seen in thirty years of research.”

Polar bears generally live on a diet of seals, waiting in water holes in the ice for seals to surface for air before ambushing them. But warming waters have reduced ice cover, making it harder for polar bears to predict where their prey might surface. According to the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center, if this trend continues, the Earth could lose all its sea ice completely in the summer seasons before the year 2050. Polar bears now resort to inland prey like bird nests, but eggs will not be enough to fill their bellies. Polar bears are growing more emaciated by the day.4

 

The Dining Tables of Indigenous Arctic Peoples

 

While taking part in Greenland Science Week in 2021, I stayed with an Inuit host family for four days at an apartment in Nuuk, located on Greenland’s coast. My hosts told me, “Let us know anytime if you need anything. We’ve made sure to fill the fridge.” I spotted a large, top-opening refrigerator in the kitchen that reminded me of the kimchi fridges we have in Korea. Surely they couldn’t be eating kimchi, I thought, and opened the lid. The first thing I saw was a bird’s beak, which had poked clear through a plastic bag. It was a frozen auk. Once a staple food of the Inuit, their population had collapsed, and now had to be reserved only for special occasions.

A researcher from Greenland whom I met at the conference explained that auk and musk ox meat, once a mainstay of traditional Inuit cuisine, were now hard to come by. “Back in my grandfather’s day, when he went out hunting, the waters were teeming with narwhal and seals. In the summer season, he could catch several in a single day. The coastal cliffs were packed with auk, and musk ox filled the plains. But now they’re harder to hunt, and too expensive. They’re supposed to be our traditional food, but a lot of people these days barely know how to prepare them. So now it’s becoming more difficult to preserve our heritage.”

No other country is experiencing the impacts of climate change at such frightening speeds. Glacial melting has doubled in pace in the past twenty years, and is set to accelerate further. In 2021, the highest points of the country’s ice sheet recorded above-freezing temperatures, a first in recorded history. For the Inuit, climate change is not just about changes in weather and temperature; it is a matter of survival. Hunting techniques passed down for generations are no longer usable, and dishes that families had once enjoyed together are out of reach. They see their way of life crumble away, and are often faced with anxiety and depression about the future. The melancholy of being subject to the biggest impacts of climate change has been termed “ecological grief” or “climate grief.”

 

From Climate Change to Climate Grief

 

“There’s heavy rainfall outside. If you’re headed to Korea today, please make sure to put on your raincoats!” called out an announcement at the King Sejong Research Station. The rain had been ongoing since the previous day, turning the ground outside to mud. Our steps were heavyliterallythanks to the muck clinging to our shoes. My back was drenched in sweat, and by this point I was already accustomed to seeing rain instead of snow in Antarctica. “Better pack an umbrella next time I come,” someone remarked, shielding away the rain with their hat. On the final day of my 2020 research trip to the King Sejong Station, the temperature reached a high of 10 degrees above zero (in 2022, the station broke the previous record with a high of 13.9 degrees). Scholars warn that climate change will only increase the frequency of unusually high temperatures in Antarctica.

Spring 2023 in Korea has been marked by long droughts and large wildfires. According to the Korea Meteorological Administration, average temperatures in the country have shown a 0.2 degree increase per decade from 1912 to 2020, with the number of rainy days steadily declining. According to the 2022 Abnormal Climate Report, the drought in the southern part of the country lasted a record-breaking 227 days, with water reserve rates at dams on the Seomjingang River reaching critical lows. The most searched-for term on Google Korea last year was “climate change.” As experts report and warn about unusual weather events in Korea, more and more people are now paying attention. Few deny climate change anymore, with more people adopting the more serious term “climate crisis.”

The Arctic and Antarctica are still cold, frozen regions. But upon a closer look, the changes are undeniable. Rising temperatures melt the polar ice caps, which leads to rising sea levels and extreme weather events that far outstrip those of previous years. Antarctic penguins must set out for new hunting grounds, and seals must dive even deeper. As a nation located on the middle latitudes, Korea must also prepare for the coming crisisnot only for the ones afflicting the country today, such as drought, heatwaves, and heavy rainfall, but also for the personal loss and anxieties that have already reached the Inuit of Greenland. Climate change has become climate crisis. And it is about to become climate grief.

 

Translated by Slin Jung

 

 

[1] S. Park et al. “Mare incognita: Adélie penguins foraging in newly exposed habitat after calving of the Nansen Ice Shelf.” Environmental Research 201(2021): 111561.

[2] S. Park, H. Chung, W.Y. Lee “Behavioral responses of Adélie penguins confronting a giant ice floe.” Deep Sea Research Part II, 203 (2022): 105152.

[3] L. E. Culler, A. P.Matthew, V. A. Ross “In a warmer Arctic, mosquitoes avoid increased mortality from predators by growing faster.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences 282, no. 1815 (2015): 20151549.

[4] M. E. Obbard et al. “Trends in body condition in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Southern Hudson Bay subpopulation in relation to changes in sea ice.” Arctic Science 2, no. 1 (2016): 15-32.

  


 

Writer 필자 소개

Won Young Lee

Won Young Lee

Won Young Lee earned his PhD from Seoul National University in behavioral ecology and evolution for his research on magpies, and currently works as a researcher at the Korea Polar Research Institute. He previously hosted the podcasts Won Young Lee’s Bird, Animal, and Ecosystem Stories and Won Young Lee’s Antarctica Travel Journal. He is the author of a number of books, including Lessons from Life 2: The Learning Process, Penguins Will Be Penguins, A Penguin Summer, The Bird Which Flies in the Sea, and I Go to Antarctica in the Summer.

Translator 번역가 소개

Slin Jung

Slin Jung

Slin Jung is a freelance translator and interpreter. She received an MA in conference interpreting from HUFS Graduate School of Interpretation and Translation. She is the translator of Gwangju Uprising (Verso, 2022) by Hwang Sok-yong and The Rainfall Market (Penguin Michael Joseph, 2024) by You Yeong-Gwang, and the co-translator of Beyond the Story: 10-Year Record of BTS (Flatiron, 2023) by Myeongseok Kang.

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