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[Cover Feature] We Have to Protect the Future of All Life¹: The Emergence of Climate Crisis Awareness in Korean Literature scrap

by Heo Heego link Translated by Léo-Thomas Brylowskigo link June 8, 2023

[Cover Feature] We Have to Protect the Future of All Life¹: The Emergence of Climate Crisis Awareness in Korean Literature 이미지

Human-induced Devastation

 

Following its release in South Korea earlier this year, the Japanese animated film Suzume attracted over 4 million moviegoers in its first month in theaters. While the film’s success at the box office can be attributed to a number of factors, such a feat would not have been possible had the story not resonated with audiences. Rooted in the legacy of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake which devastated northeastern Japan, the movie revolves around a high school protagonist named Suzume who embarks on a mission to prevent a similarly massive earthquake by containing the supernatural forces responsible for causing such a disaster. Much like Japan, South Korea continues to be haunted by the trauma of its past disasters, which might explain why the film’s storyline struck a chord with Korean audiences.

     The word “disaster” refers to a sudden calamitous event, which can either be used to describe an unfortunate accident or a natural catastrophe resulting in widespread destruction. South Korea has experienced numerous disasters that fit the former description, starting with the collapse of the Seongsu Bridge in 1994, to the more recent Itaewon crowd crush in 2022. Although these human-caused disasters may not have been intentional, they were allowed to happen due to human error and negligence that went unchecked for too long. The aftermath of such tragedies creates unfathomable sorrow for the victims and affected families. While natural disasters can be equally devastating as human-caused disasters in terms of the destruction they leave in their wake, they tend to result in comparably less grief since their causes are the result of forces beyond human control. This seems to indicate that how we react to a certain disaster ultimately depends on whether we perceive the catastrophic event as having been preventable or not.

     Before we can begin talking of climate change as a natural disaster in its own right, it is important to agree on the definition. Climate change refers to a significant shift in weather patterns that has been observed over several decades and is supported by statistical evidence. Although the causes may not appear self-evident, according to Article 1 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), climate change can be defined as “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.” What distinguishes climate change from climate variability is that climate change is directly caused by greenhouse gas emissions resulting from human activity. Given that the amount of greenhouse gasses emitted over just the last forty years is equivalent to the amount produced in the 220 years prior to that, it has become undeniable that climate change is caused by human activity. Since we have not taken adequate action to address the issue despite being aware of the problems it will cause down the line, it is sure to inflict particularly great sorrow on the victims. A major issue, however, lies in the difficulty in trying to draw a distinct line between who are the victims and who are the perpetrators. If one thing is clear, it is that we now find ourselves in the midst of a new era called the Anthropocene, which will be marked by significant changes in the Earth’s environment resulting from human activity.


What Lies at the Heart of Superficial Climate Change Discussions

 

Global warming, which is inextricably linked to climate change, is a phenomenon that extends beyond national borders. The melting and disappearance of glaciers in polar and inland regions accelerates the rise of sea levels which can cause coastal areas to become flooded. Conversely, global warming exacerbates the issue of water scarcity in low-lying areas such as the Andes and Kilimanjaro. Extreme weather events such as heat waves, torrential rain, heavy snow, and cold waves are difficult to predict and can wreak havoc on agriculture and livestock. In addition, ocean acidification poses a major threat to fish habitats worldwide. These problems will inevitably result in the mass displacement of people, leading countries to implement containment measures that will result in refugee crises and greater global instability.

     Lying at the core of the climate change issue is the fact that environmental disasters do not impact everyone around the world the same way. In high-latitude regions such as Russia, the thawing of permafrost and glaciers could actually increase the amount of arable land available for agriculture and open up Arctic shipping routes, leading to new economic opportunities. In contrast, the impact of climate change in Africa and other low-latitude regions poses nothing less than an existential threat to the people there. This issue isn’t only about geography but also about the developmental disparities between countries, which have their roots in historical factors. So-called “developed countries,” which have built up their wealth through imperialism and waves of industrialization, have been able to transition their economies away from heavy manufacturing industries early on, making it significantly easier for them to reduce their carbon emissions today. On the other hand, countries referred to as “developing,” which currently serve as factories for more advanced economies, are bound to be more severely affected by international regulations aimed at curbing carbon emissions. As long as developmental disparities persist, developed countries will continue to “kick away the ladder”2as Korean economist Ha-Joon Chang put itfrom developing countries, which will only exacerbate the issues surrounding climate change.

     It is crucial to take into consideration the factors mentioned above when discussing climate change. While shifting weather patterns may present an inconvenience to those in positions of power such as the wealthy elite, for those without power, they represent a severe and potentially catastrophic threat to their safety and survival. Heat waves and cold waves are good examples of how extreme weather events occurring on an increasingly frequent basis affect people of disparate economic standing differently. Those who benefit from access to air conditioning and heating will suffer much less than those who don’t have these same privileges and are forced to work outside in harsh and potentially life-threatening weather conditions.

     Government-led green policies are often regarded as the answer for climate change. This includes initiatives such as phasing out fossil fuel vehicles in favor of electric ones to reduce air pollution, or investing in renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, bio, hydrogen, and fuel cell technologies. Another example is environmental campaigns encouraging citizens to be more mindful of their use of energy and natural resources. However, it remains unclear just how effective such initiatives can be when it comes to reducing consumption in a capitalist system. Money, which is a reflection of exchange value and serves as the basis of capitalism, has been elevated to a quasi-religious status in our society, rendering it sacred. Capitalism is a system that relies on endless growth, which can only be achieved when consumption consistently surpasses production. Given the reality of today’s world, in which we struggle to imagine a future outside of capitalism, can we really expect to find a way of addressing the issue of climate change?

 

The Emergence of Cli-Fi

 

Countless works of nonfiction meant to address all the above-mentioned points have already been published. But how about works of fiction? Topics surrounding climate change have mainly been addressed through science fiction. To better understand science fiction, it can be helpful to draw comparisons with fantasy. Works of fantasy depict imaginary worlds that have never existed nor ever will. No matter how strikingly realistic the universe depicted in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings seriesin which hobbits, elves, and orcs battle each other over a ringmay appear to readers, there is no mistaking that the work isn’t based on any historical events, or that it attempts to portray some future reality. In contrast to fantasy, it is the task of science fiction to depict imaginary worlds that may offer us a glimpse into what the future holds, even if the ideas presented may at times seem a bit far-fetched. The SF genre has evolved in tandem with advancements in science and technology and is concerned with depicting possible future scenarios which have yet to materialize into reality.3 Climate fiction, also known as cli-fi, has emerged as a branch of science fiction which focuses on the potential future consequences of climate change.

     Although science fiction used to be considered a fringe literature in South Korea, this perception has now changed. Instead of thinking of SF as a narrative genre based on absurdly improbable scenarios, there is now a growing sense that it can provide realistic glimpses into potential future developments. Science fiction is no longer criticized for being overly technical and difficult to read, or for its tendency to deal with issues that are disconnected from real-world problems, since these types of criticisms no longer apply to more recent works. The genre has demonstrated that it can deliver much more than just entertainment value through its profound explorations of epistemological, ontological, and ethical questions. Before delving into a specific work, I would like to highlight the conditions that paved the way for this shift. The change in perception regarding science fiction has emerged from an ongoing trend which has seen a blurring of the boundaries between high and popular literature, as well as the growing demand among readers of Korean literature for works of fiction that deal with more diverse themes. This is a clear reflection of the increasing discontent among readers vis-à-vis the literary establishment in South Korea, which has attempted to tackle complex social issues of the twenty-first century from a predominantly male-centered and realist angle.

     The emergence of the #MeToo movement worldwide served to expose some of the sexual abuse prevalent within the Korean literary community, creating rifts in the landscape of Korean literature. Between the mid-to-late 2010s, a series of sexual abuse allegations against male authors sparked a public outcry for accountability and self-reflection. This demand for change led to a significant shift in literary trends, allowing formerly non-mainstream genres like feminist and queer literature, as well as science fiction, to rise to prominence. The shift reflects the sharp increase in the public’s interest for literary works that challenge traditional power structures like patriarchy and present new and different perspectives. Since climate fiction is much more than just a genre that aims to bring climate change to the forefront, we must keep in mind the context behind its emergence. The true purpose of climate fiction in South Korea is to demand accountability from those responsible for exacerbating climate change and causing environmental destruction by exposing their vested interests, while also establishing a new ecologically ethical framework better suited to the current era. Characterized by non-violent, anti-capitalistic, and anti-hierarchical sentiments, these ecological ethics are meant to lay the foundations necessary for moving beyond a dystopian narrative into a utopian one.

 

The Emergence of Climate Crisis Awareness

 

One example of a Korean climate fiction work is author Kim Kichang’s Love in the Age of Climate Change, a collection of ten short stories centered around the theme of climate change and whose title draws inspiration from Gabriel García Márquez’s Love in the Time of Cholera. The author’s generous use of footnotes in the stories highlights his commitment to relying on factual data about the current state of climate change rather than using vague anecdotal evidence as the basis for his writing. Three of the works contained within the collection, “High Fever Project,” “A Day Among Seagulls and Ghosts,” and “The Truth About Dogs and Cats,” are in fact three parts of the same story which aims to depict human experience in the face of a climate disaster. The story features a domed city built as a protective refuge from the environment, and which has regulations dictating who is permitted entry and who isn’t. The following is a passage taken directly from the story.

 

“Any act of selfishness, no matter how small, would instantly trigger indefinite delays in reaching a final agreement, which rendered any policies previously agreed upon invalid. In the meantime, the average temperature had risen to 54°C, with the heat index making it feel like 73°C. The hot and stuffy air thick with fine dust particles grew stagnant and caused people to suffocate. [. . .] ‘Is that all we could think of? Is this really the best we could come up with?’ This is how Sophie ought to express her discontent if she were to acknowledge her own lack of enthusiasm in regard to the policies aimed at preventing a climate crisis.”

 

     There is no doubt some humans will find a way to survive in extreme weather conditions resulting from climate change by building artificial paradises such as domed cities for themselves. However, the majority of people will not be allowed inside and instead be left to fend for themselves or die. In his work, the author explores the kind of class conflictincluding attempts to subvert those in powerthat may arise in such scenarios. That being said, the stories focus on more than just the lives of humans, also depicting the devastating effects of climate change on all forms of life. For example, “The Promised Land” is a stirring story about polar bears faced with the imminent loss of their habitat as a result of a dramatic decline in Arctic sea ice. The author credits a photograph he saw several years ago as the inspiration for the story. In an interview with Choi Woori for HanKyoreh Kim said, “An emaciated mother bear lay motionless as her cub walked toward a hunter nearby. Although she must’ve been aware of the threat the hunter posed to her cub, she could only look on helplessly since she didn’t have the strength to lift a paw.” This tragic glimpse compelled the author to write “The Promised Land.” The author further elaborates his impetus to write Love in the Age of Climate Change as follows:


“Although it’s important for all individuals to do their part in the fight against climate change, companies and governments can have a much bigger impact if they take action by replacing fossil fuels with other alternatives. While documentaries on Netflix and special reports might do a better job covering this topic, I still believe that everything starts with individual action. What I aim to achieve through my stories is to raise public awareness about this issue and foster a sense of solidarity among people.”

 

Kim Kichang thus sees writing as the most impactful contribution he can make in the face of the ongoing climate crisis, which is why he has chosen to devote himself fully to the task. To address the issue, we must begin by raising awareness at the individual level. This can pave the way for a collective sense of solidarity to emerge within society which will enable us to shift away from our current destructive path and move toward a more positive direction. Some might worry about cli-fi becoming too agenda-driven and rigid. However, if literature doesn’t take it upon itself to confront the current climate crisis from a variety of angles that cannot be conveyed simply through statistical data and graphs, then who will?

 

Translated by Léo-Thomas Brylowski

 

 

 

Korean Works Mentioned:

“High Fever Project,” “A Day Among Seagulls and Ghosts,” “The Truth About Dogs and Cats,” “The Promised Land,” Love in the Age of Climate Change (Minumsa, 2021)  

  「하이 피버 프로젝트, 갈매기 그리고 유령과 함께 한 하루, 개와 고양이에 대한 진실, 약속의 땅, 기후변화 시대의 사랑(민음사, 2021)



[1] This line was taken from the opening scene ofthe first volume in Hitoshi Iwaaki’s 2011 manga series, Parasyte. The full sentence reads as follows: “Someone thought, ‘We have to protect the future of all life.’”

[2] Translator’s note: This term refers to the way developed countries prevent less industrialized ones from following the same path they used to achieve economic growth.

[3] Novelist Amitav Ghosh shares his views on the challenges of including extraordinary phenomena resulting from climate change, such as massive tornadoes, into works of modern (high) fiction which tend to steer clear of improbable scenarios. “If certain literary forms are unable to negotiate these [trends], then they will have failed—and their failures will have to be counted as an aspect of the broader imaginative and cultural failure that lies at the heart of the climate crisis.” Ghosh, Amitav. The Great Derangement. University of Chicago Press, 2016.

Writer 필자 소개

Heo Hee

Heo Hee

Literary critic

Translator 번역가 소개

Léo-Thomas Brylowski

Léo-Thomas Brylowski

Léo-Thomas Brylowski is a translator based in Seoul. He holds a BA from the University of British Columbia and has completed LTI Korea’s Translation Academy two-year fellowship program. He was the Grand Prize recipient at the 50th Modern Korean Literature Translation Awards.

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