Where Are We Headed? scrap
by Kim Mijung
Translated by Sean Lin Halbert
September 5, 2025
Author Bio 작가 소개
What Is Reality to a Writer?
Disasters like the Yongsan tragedy in 2009 and the Sewol ferry disaster in 2014 have had a significant impact on Korean authors and their writing. These events brought renewed attention to the absurdities and contradictions of Korean society, prompting many Korean writers to develop deep communal sensibilities, renew their responsibilities as fellow citizens, and fundamentally question the relationship between reality and fiction.
One writer who has become especially responsive and sensitive to the realities of Korean society is Hwang Jungeun. Hwang began her career with The Seven Thirty-Two Elephant Train, a collection of fantastical short stories in which fathers become hats, ghosts cross into the world of the living, and bank clerks metamorphize into roly-poly dolls. But now her works adhere to a realist gaze that takes ordinary life and its underpinnings as its focus. She traces this change to the Sewol ferry disaster, stating in a number of interviews that in its aftermath she’d forgotten how to write.
Take for example “The Laughing Man,” a story in The Seven Thirty-Two Elephant Train that repeatedly revisits the events leading up to the death of a loved one. Despite the main character’s attempts to escape their loss, they end the story still hopelessly stuck in place. The section “d” from her next novel, dd’s Umbrella, rewrites “The Laughing Man” from the perspective of someone living after the incident. In this work, however, the main character succeeds in ending their long period of reclusion and finally steps out into the world, beyond the walls of their home. There, they begin to reconnect with the world by listening to other people’s life stories. This narrative shift is the result of Hwang’s long and painful contemplation after the Sewol ferry disaster over how to represent horrific tragedy in the real world.
“There is Nothing that Needs to be Said” from dd’s Umbrella reflects on the community signified by the word “we,” ultimately dismantling it by questioning the very premises upon which that “we” was built. Furthermore, the story takes a step back from familiar communities and relationships in order to carefully interrogate the conditions and patterns of power that constitute them. Although the novel doesn’t directly deal with the candlelight protests of 2016 and 2017, they are undeniably the political context of the novel.
On the other hand, it is well known (at least in Korea) that what it means to be a woman and to write women’s narratives changed in the mid-2010s as Korea went through a feminist reboot. Around this time, Hwang wrote her own women’s narrative in the novel Years and Years, which retells Korean history through a multi-generational story following three women. The novel does not, however, simply position each generation as oppressed victims, nor does it allow them to remain as overly sentimental mother-daughter tropes. Instead, it rejects and interrogates the clichés of traditional mother-daughter narratives. The novel also depicts how the family structure has functioned in Korean society, and how women’s positions and emotions were formed within that structure.
Where Are We Headed?
In December of 2024, Korean society was once again thrown into a period of political upheaval. As Koreans contemplate the value of democracy, which is currently under threat not just in Korea but also around the globe, they desire a world different from the past. Hwang’s short story “A Day, Without Trouble,” translated for this issue of KLN, was first published concurrently with the events and concerns that followed December 2024. Although no specific events are explicitly mentioned in the text, the story clearly portrays the collapse of a world paradigm. The only problem is, the characters in the story are having trouble perceiving it.
The surface narrative of “A Day, Without Trouble” follows the estrangement and reconciliation of two women, Inbeom and Yeongin—probably sisters, although it is not clear. Beneath this narrative, however, is a vast painting of global society and Korea’s entanglement in everything that’s wrong with the world. Massacres masquerading as necessary wars, wealth and labor inequality, revisionist forces, hate speech, climate change, national tragedies—the story presents as a panorama of episodes. Even social media makes an appearance, connecting all these events and issues in real time. The episodes are presented at first without any relation to one another, like one giant, fragmented mosaic. But through a chance email blunder, the story suggests that perhaps these episodes aren’t as unrelated as they appear.
However, it doesn’t take much to realize that this interconnectedness is precisely the nature of our world today. The story shows through its narrative structure that the world does not operate through isolated spheres. It continuously reminds us that the things that appear separate—here/there, past/future, I/we—are in fact connected by a chain of influence. For example, the story suggests how an incident of animal abuse by a group of college students might be fundamentally related to scenes of violence throughout the world. It also hints at how a line of cars speeding obliviously toward the scene of a traffic accident might be related to Hannah Arendt’s concept of “the banality of evil.”
Put another way, this story isn’t just about the entangle-ments and interconnectedness of the world. Rather, it shows us that those entanglements were created, and continue to be created, by us. Take for example this line from the aforementioned “The Laughing Man”: “He will just do what he always does. In other words, the same pattern. People who retreat at the moment of truth, will always retreat . . . People who hold their bags close to their chests will always behave that way. Perhaps that’s what this is . . . It’s a pattern we’re continuously weaving, on and on and on and on.” Hwang is always writing about how the world has fallen unknowingly into a rut. She’s telling us that we are driving blind and over the speed limit.
In relation to this, I want to take a careful look at one specific scene from “A Day, Without Trouble.” In this scene, the characters are driving through a tunnel when they come upon a car crash. As the women approach the wreckage, the driver inexplicably steps on the gas, putting them all in danger. Although they escape unharmed, the novel never explains why the driver tried to drive off. He may not even know himself. Force of habit, perhaps? But what is an accelerator but something that accelerates—that makes things go faster? For people who embody the words “faster, faster,” stepping on the accelerator in a moment of crisis might be their first instinct. Charging ahead is their default. They’re carried by their inertia. In the story, the other cars do not slow down while passing the accident either. Everyone is in danger, but no one senses it; they simply keep their feet on the gas. In the same way, the ideals of growth, development, and acceleration have taken us and the world hostage. But have they changed our sensibilities, too?
To Pause, or Perhaps to Disrupt
Delving even deeper, one might argue that the narrative of “A Day, Without Trouble” is almost apocalyptic. There’s certainly a sense that once we reach the end of this ever-accelerating world of invisible connections, what we will find is ruin and catastrophe. In this sense, the following quote from Inbeom is particularly poignant. Regarding the state of the world, in which sensitivity to violence is seen as boring, she says, “And you don’t know how much that’s killing me.” No one understands Inbeom’s desperation, not even her own eonni. The true horror of this story lies in the fact that we know intuitively what lies at the end of time—a world in which sensitivity like Inbeom’s is dismissed as uninteresting.
The novel ends with Yeongin angrily honking at the speeding cars. The world already seems to be moving apathetically toward its end, and yet she and Inbeom look like they’re trying to delay the end of the world, if not stop it all together. Reading this scene, I am reminded of a quote from Walter Benjamin that a revolution is an attempt by the passengers on a train to pull the emergency break. Benjamin was one of the first people to see that Europe’s wars and the rise of fascism were the natural end-point of “progress.” To him, progress was not a revolution; in fact, he was wary of slogans that called for newness, development, growth, and progress. To him, revolution is what people on a runaway train do when they become aware of the speed and direction of progress—that is, they pull the emergency brake.
Perhaps this is how we should interpret the word “revolution” when it appears so abruptly in Hwang Jungeun’s work. Perhaps, even, you could say that Hwang is still in the process of writing a eulogy for dd, the character who uttered that word, “revolution.” The blurrier the objects outside the window become and the more our bodies shake with the runaway train, the more imperative the need to stop the train—there is no other way to survive. And the only way to stop the train from within the train is to pull the emergency brake. Is that not what Yeongin is doing in “A Day, Without Trouble,” blaring her horn to tell everyone to stop? Is it not a signal to the world that we must wake up and realize where we’re headed?
There is a reason why the title of this short story is “A Day, Without Trouble,” with a comma. While commas signal to the reader to take a breath, they can also (when placed in the wrong location) create a rupture in an otherwise smoothly flowing sentence. In this case, the comma also serves as a question: Is this allegedly unproblematic day really that unproblematic? Most importantly, contained within that comma is a desperate cry to momentarily stop a wave of cars blindly racing towards ruin. In this turbulent year of 2025, the call of Hwang’s horn resonates deeply.
KOREAN WORKS MENTIONED:
· Hwang Jungeun, The Seven Thirty-Two Elephant Train (Munhakdongne, 2008)
황정은, 『일곱시 삼십이분 코끼리열차』 (문학동네, 2008)
· Hwang Jungeun, “Laughing Man,” Being Nobody (Munhakdongne, 2016)
황정은, 「웃는 남자」, 『아무도 아닌』 (문학동네, 2016)
· Hwang Jungeun, “d” and “There Is Nothing That Needs to Be Said,” dd’s Umbrella (tr. e. yaewon, Tilted Axis, 2024)
황정은, 「d」, 「아무것도 말할 필요가 없다」, 『디디의 우산』 (창비, 2019)
· Hwang Jungeun, Years and Years (tr. Janet Hong, Open Letter, 2024)
황정은, 『연년세세』 (창비, 2020)
· Hwang Jungeun, “A Day, Without Trouble,” The Quarterly Changbi vol. 207 (Changbi, 2025)
황정은, 「문제없는, 하루」, 『창작과 비평 207호』 (창비, 2025)
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