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The Work of Collecting, Dislocating and Transplanting scrap

by Im Seungyugo link Translated by Spencer Lee-Lenfieldgo link November 26, 2025

The Work of Collecting, Dislocating and Transplanting 이미지

Author Bio 작가 소개

신해욱

Shin Hae-uk

Shin’s major works include the poetry collections Precise Arrangement, Biologicity,syzygy, Caecilians, and NaturalHistory from the Edge of the Natural; the novel The Dream Reader Electrical Shop; and the essay collections Book for Just One and Looking out the Window. Her honorsinclude the Kim Hyun Literature Award and the Sin Tong-mun Literature Prize.

When I think of you, the first thing that comes to mind is your collection Biologicity. I just intuitively got so many sensations from it about poetic lan­guage. I think every poet in Korea must have read it. If your first collection, Precise Arrangement, scratched the surface of your poetics, Biologicity, your second, feels like the book itself is a body for its poems, alive and moving. The way I’d put it is that it was as if the coat you’d previously worn artificially turned into skin. How did you use your time to give your collection that sense of having a body?

 

Around the time Precise Arrangement came out in 2005, I wrote a children’s book. It was pretty long—dozens of pages. That was a moment when I started having doubts: Are poems the thing I really want to write? I liked writing things I’d imagined much more than I liked writing about the world of experience. But in my poems, I hated going on and on describing or explaining the scenes I was imagining. How are you going to preserve the scenes you imagine without describing or explaining them, though? In Precise Arrangement, I’d assigned places to the poem’s voices by the titles and subtitles of the chapters—“Motel Cello, Room 102,” “Black and White Village,” and so forth. As a way of extrapolating. Wrapping things from the outside. But is this all there is? Should I be writing something other than poems? What if what I want to write isn’t right for a poem? That’s what was going through my mind when I wrote the children’s story. Back then, I was thinking that maybe the genre of children’s fiction might fit my imagi­nation, because it’d paraphrase these weird scenes and images I’d either written, or wanted to write, into poems. I don’t think what I wrote would have resonated with actual kids. And after I wrote that, I realized: the stuff I’d planned to write as poems, I had to write as poems. And what I didn’t want to write, I didn’t have to write. So to do that, I felt around for a way to drop the anchor of sensa­tion in those scenes from my imagination, and wrote the poems that went into Biologicity.

 

I’d like to ask when you first knew you had to write poetry. You made your formal literary debut when you were twenty-four, and after that, you kept on steadily publishing collections about once every five years, on average. And when I think about how those books evolved not so much from honing your earlier language, but rather continually betraying and overthrowing it—I’m just astonished by your ferocity, your perseverance.

 

I’ve always loved reading and writing since I was very young. But I didn’t think I’d end up writing poetry. Because like plenty of other people, I thought poetry was something only exceptionally talented people wrote. But when I was in college, a professor compli­mented me on this poem I’d turned in as a class project. You know how sometimes compliments are really powerful? So I submitted to a Sinchun Munye contest on a lark, and gosh, I got picked. So it was actually after I’d won this formal debut contest that I basically started learning the craft. It was only then that I started shedding all these hazy illusions about poetry, and I had to reconsider what I wanted to write, and whether that was poetry or not, a bunch of times. And if I did move in the direction of betraying and overthrowing the way I’d worked before, maybe it was because the self-doubt leached into my body.

 

There are a lot of instances in your poetry of highly unusual words. I think this has only gotten more pronounced in your recent books. The way you manage to bring this totally unpoetic vocabulary into your poems—it leaves me amazed. The thought’s occurred to me that Korean poetry’s denotative range has really expanded because of your work. Could you reflect a bit on your way of using words?

 

Whether at the level of words or the sentence, I think anyone who writes poems is going to have their own particular fetish about language. I’m that way, too. And everyone’s way of handling that fetish goes into making a poem’s style, I suppose. 

In my case, I might say I work at “collecting,” “dislocating,” and “transplanting.” For starters, I collect words no matter what. Especially words with a strange energy to them—but which, in their original context and range, look subordinate to their indexical function, dead and buried under the dust of habit. I think, Can I bring the word back to life? And when I think that, I’m taking it out of its original place, moving it to different earth, and planting it. I can’t just inject it with whatever meaning I want. If I did that, it’d just turn into a private code. But words that aren’t encrypted are necessarily enfolded within a shared world and history, by their very nature. So I’m digging them up by the roots, moving them, and planting them somewhere else where they can have a new life—and in order to do that, my role is to choose the soil of a text, and fertilize them there.

 

In your second collection, Biologicity, there’s a poem, “White,” that starts: “It’s cold. / I don’t want to be catalogued.” The critic Shin Hyoung Cheol reads these lines this way: “When we lose our independence, absorbed into generality—that is, when I’m no longer my unique, intact self—we get ‘catalogued.’” And he says that once the poet’s aspirations get catalogued, they tend to go awry. But then, the moment I picked up your fourth collection, Caecilians, I ran right into—a catalogue! That made such an impression on me. There are two possible questions here. I’d like to ask: What is a “catalogue” to you? And how did your poetry change between Biologicity and Caecilians?

 

“Catalogue.” I didn’t think about it all that hard, but you’re right. That’s true of the first poem in Caecilians, and it’s also true of the back cover—I just made a catalogue of four-character words. 

 

To come at it another way: let’s take the word “sigangam” [“time-feel”]. The emotional fruition of time. Once I jotted down a note that said something like this: “Alchemists set out to make gold; artists try to produce time.” Even if you’re just dealing with a fraction of a mo­ment. I think literature is the challenge of trying to save time in textual form. Sort of the opposite of the idiom “killing time.” (That phrase is so fraught with resentment toward time.) 

 

In Biologicity, I wanted to try to save time in that void created between lines, between stanzas. But I couldn’t put in movement just by leaving the space empty. Not time’s flow—time’s motion. It needed something like aether. And I might have switched directions by giving that role to the rhythm of the catalogue.

 

 

You must have gotten a ton of questions about the titles of your books. I’m curious, too, especially about Biologicity, which was your second book, then syzygy, which followed it, and Caecilians. They somehow talk about the collection, but without explaining it. Every time you’ve published a book, I feel like I’m hearing you say, “This is the lump I’m gonna show you this time.” You don’t just unwrap it and see what’s inside—it’s just a lump of matter, and there’s no distinction between the two. How do you go about choosing your titles?

 

The titles of the poems kept changing as they came together into a collection. I’d make “Biologicity” the title of one poem, then another poem, and it just kept floating around because it couldn’t find a place. You know that feeling of sliding around because you can’t stick anywhere? So, ironically, “Biologicity” left its traces over a bunch of different poems. And then I thought, why not make it the title of the whole book?

In the case of syzygy and Caecilians, I settled on titles when I’d written about half the poems. And the moment I came across the words “syzygy” and “caeci­lian,” I knew. I knew the poems I was writing then were all aiming at the materiality of those words.

 

You’ve written two books of literary criticism (not under your pen name, Hae-uk, but your given name), three books of essays, and a novel, The Dream Reader Electrical Shop. It must feel like you’re in a totally different body from when you’re writing poetry. I bring this up because I think if we hear you comparing how you wrote them, we might be able to get a different angle on your process.

 

Well, the two books I wrote under my legal name weren’t really criticism so much as research. One was the edited version of my thesis, which traced the development of writing in Korean. The history of writing in hangeul with Korean word order is surprisingly short. Most writing was in Literary Sinitic up to the end of the nineteenth century. I wanted to look into the deep origins of my own writing. 

 

Out of my two more recent non-poetry books, The Dream Reader Electrical Shop got published as a novel, and Looking out the Window came out a year later as a collection of essays. But when I was writing them, I thought of both as somewhere on the border between novel and essay. It wasn’t so much that I was hunting for something in particular on that border. There’s something in calling them novels that didn’t feel right, and something in calling them essays that didn’t feel right, either—like I felt some magnetic repulsion to genres. At any rate, as I was working on these two non-poetry books, I realized something more clearly about how I write poetry. 

 

Scenes, thoughts, feelings—when the thing I want to express is at the forefront, I approach it in prose. 

 

But vocabulary, passages, sentences—when those matter more, I’m writing in verse. So for instance, my plan at first for The Dream Reader Electrical Shop was to write a collection of my dreams that would be close to poetry, and I had this hope that they’d all read like poems. But I didn’t think of my dreams as poems.

Because I wanted to stay loyal in bringing dreamscapes into the language of this world. It was a kind of transla­tion. Writing dreams for what they are was something quite different from writing poems that borrowed motifs or images from dreams. 

 

And when I write in prose, I have to write sentences I don’t especially want to write, too. You have to keep the context and the situation consistent. When I write poetry, I only write what I want. But even though it might sound like tons of fun to write just what you want, it’s actually even more aggravating, because it all has to make sense in the end, right? Because poems have to be made out of words, too. When you write only what you want to write, and you don’t explain word by word, and you don’t have to adhere to the laws of cause and effect, what kind of word-world might be possible? So when you write a poem, you can’t avoid going on an adventure. 

 

And you might put it in a metaphor this way: You have to cross a street but there’s no crosswalk. How are you going to do it? Even if it’s a pain, prose hunts around for a crosswalk or an underpass, and eventually crosses the street in orderly, everyday steps. Poetry leaps like a dancer and touches down on the other side.

 

When I opened up Caecilians and read your poem “Mysterious Object at Noon,” I came across you saying, “Cross the line. I cross,” and I felt like I was hearing your physical voice. It’s at one and the same time you censoring yourself, but also making a declaration; “crossing lines” is exactly what you do best; and it’s through the act of crossing lines that it becomes possible to draw closer to real objects, real feelings. It’d be great to hear you talk about “Mysterious Object at Noon.” Or the poem right before it, “Demolition.” Could you talk about your work as an experience of “crossing lines” through a particular poem?

 

I once followed a stranger wearing a backpack. They were standing in front of a subway station escalator. The zipper was open the right amount. Not totally all the way open. But you couldn’t say it was completely shut, either. Just the right amount of open. I wanted to slip my hand into it. But I couldn’t. I didn’t tell them their backpack was open, either. After I followed them for a block or so, I wrote two lines on a notebook: “The bag was open. Your bag.” That was the first sentence of “Mysterious Object at Noon.” And then the line you mentioned from the middle of the poem: “Cross the line. I cross.”

 

The distance between those two sentences is really quite far. There had to be something that could withstand, yet also maintain, that sense of distance, and after a long time, I felt like I found that something there on my way back from the National Library in Seocho-dong. That zone where you feel like you’ve transcended the heart of the city even though you’re in the very center of Seoul—the courthouse, the library, the General Services Administration, St. Mary’s Hospital, the department store. When I was in that zone, I felt like I could load that dynamism into those two sentences. In my old way of writing, I would have put it in the blank space between the sentences. But because blanks are pure silence, they can’t convey motion. I don’t know whether that was an experience of “crossing the line,” but I definitely did want to move.

 

You’ve talked about the “foreign-object sensa­tion” as part of language, in an essay you titled “Literature in Korean and the Pleasures of Foreign Objects.” One of the examples you give is how when Bong Joon Ho’s film Madeo (마더) went to Cannes, it got titled Mother. But transliterating the English word “mother” into Korean as “madeo” highlights that discomfort, that feeling like there’s a foreign object somewhere in your body—a sense that the Korean word “eomeoni” would have just blown past. But the audience at Cannes couldn’t feel that when it got turned back into the English word “mother.” 

In your poem “The Noblewoman and the Grandmother,” the word “olke” appears—this very short, very Korean word for “sister-in-law.” I was sort of excited to see how that might get translated, sort of worried about whether it was even possible! You’ve been writing in this way that draws such incredibly Korean words into your poems, and maximizes that foreign-object sensation, and there are so many other words other than olke that leave you wondering how they’ll be translated. How do you go about thinking about this?

 

I have an olke. But I’ve never called her that. All those words in Korean for extended family by marriage feel awkward on my lips. Pronouncing olke even feels kind of bizarre. But at the same time, I feel a kind of nostalgia about it, too. My late grandmother called my great-aunt, who was younger than her, olke. The awkwardness and the nostalgia coexist in the word. That collision’s the driving force that launched this poem. And I had faith that someone speaking Korean, and who was inside the magnetic field of the poem, would sense the wavelength of that word in their own way from cultural context, irrespective of my own personal context. And how could you translate it? Olke’s the word for a family relationship, and also a term of address; I told my trans­lator that if you can only keep one of the two, better to stress the feeling of people talking to each other than the precise kind of relationship. 

 

There was one other word I asked his opinion about, the word “bo-i” in the poem “humoresque.” It’s a little like what we were saying about Bong Joon Ho’s Mother. I told him that the word “bo-i” in this poem didn’t mean the same thing as English “boy,” that it was a little bit of a dated term from the early- and mid-twentieth century for something like “waiter.” He asked me if I thought the French word “garçon” might work in the English transla­tion. Because it’s not really used in contemporary English anymore, and you only come across it in old movies. 

 

When I think of my poems in translation, they feel like Voyager 2, out beyond our solar system. Because even though I know a decent amount of English, at the level of my own senses, the poems are crossing beyond the horizon of my language. And in the same way I hope the Earth sounds on the Voyager 2 record reach some kind of alien lifeform, I just hope the nuances of my language also touch someone out there. 

 

I was reading “On Location,” which features the historical figure Jang Huibin, and when the line “I couldn’t stand it” appeared, I liked it—but at the same time, it threw me! That’s right. I felt that foreign-object feeling. How even in a place I couldn’t possibly imagine that the lyric “I” would show up, there it showed up anyway. What kind of entity is that lyric “I” to you? Do you have to get at it through the idea that poetry as a genre is impossible without it? Or should we approach it through the foreign-body sensation from that “I” showing up somewhere unexpected? Or if it’s neither of those, give me a sense of where else it might be. 

 

Thank you for noticing that. I also felt a sort of resistance when I put that “I” in “On Location.” The scene would have been clearer, more stable without it. But it had to be there. Can I say it wanted to be involved? Or that it wanted to squeeze in? Or that once it squeezed in, it wanted to be excluded? 

 

I often think I’m stuck in the prison of the first person. I want to get out. But I don’t know how. There are so few times where I put my own experiences and feelings in the center of a poem that it’d be fine for me to leave out that first-person speaker, but I can’t do it. Is that also narcissism? As of right now, all I can say is I have my doubts. 

 

 

In this new collection, Natural History from the Edge of the Natural, there’s not just a lyric “I,” but also a “One” and a “We.” Their presence seems pretty intentional. “We” leaks into the speaker’s position quite naturally, while it seems kind of hard for “One” to take that spot. “One” is closer to “I” semantically, but grammatically, it’s third-personal. Is “One” here one person out of the many “I’s”? Does the idea of “One” correspond with that of “I”? 

 

Just to add to my earlier answer—you might call “One” an attempt to broaden the range of movement inside the prison of the first person. That’s the hope I try to keep alive in jail. I want to write sentences without subjects. I want to live in a world of headless sentences. It’s an impossible hope. Because even a hidden subject still exists. 

 

But if it has to be there, then what about making it sparse, blurry? Erase traits like gender and age, blur lines between singular and plural, first person and third, individual and group, human and object. If form collapses, and movement and action take center stage, aren’t we at least a little closer to a world of subject-free language? I feel like I can say “One” and “We” ended up appearing as I tried to find the path there.

 

There have already been a wide range of attempts to figure out what the book’s title means, and I’m sure there’s going to be more ahead. But while I have you for this interview, I’d like to hear what you have to say yourself. There are four poems that have the same title as the collection itself. Could you talk a bit about why you decided to emphasize the word “nature” by putting it in your poems, and why you added “edge” and “natural history,” too? 

 

The title just came to me in one piece, so it wasn’t like I was thinking about each individual word. But it is a bit of a weighty title, and I’ve thought in hindsight about how it strikes readers. 

 

“Nature” is a frustrating word. In Korean, it’s “jayeon,” from the roots “ja,” which means “itself” or “on its own,” and “yeon,” “to be that way, be such a way.” “The way things just are” should mean some featureless state that’s just there, but it’s somehow turned into this rigid word for a clear concept positioned at the opposite pole of either civilization or artifice. It’s ossified into the diametric opposite of its original meaning. I feel resistant to it, but it’s such a familiar, everyday word that I couldn’t avoid it. So maybe that’s why I added “edge.” That poses the reverse question: what is “un-natural” in a place that’s neither inside nor outside? And if “edge” asks a spatial question, you might say that “natural history” raises a temporal question. 

 

I’m fond of short stories. Sometimes I gather and read a bunch at once, but sometimes I read them in odd moments. But at some point, I found my tastes finding their way into my poetry. How does it feel to you when you read literature other than poetry, and have you ever found something you enjoy absorbing back into your poems? 

 

I have some sort of challenge when it comes to reading. (I guess it’s ironic for someone who’s chosen to read and write for a living to say she has challenges reading.) Often it’s novels; sometimes I just get stuck at a sentence and I can’t go on to the next one. The problem isn’t that the sentence has some obscure meaning you have to ruminate over to understand. It’s usually when it’s conveying simple, descriptive content. Something like, say, “He was sitting behind the desk.”

 

Well, where is the desk’s front, and what direction is the back pointing? He’s sitting, but how is he sitting? I get hung up on details totally unimportant to actually reading, and start acting out the motions, and then I can’t move on to the next page. It’s like lag time on a computer. But on the other hand, reading poetry, or even just anything that has sentences with a rhythm, tends to just breeze along, regardless of the level of difficulty. Do I dislike that lag time when I’m reading fiction, though? No, not at all. Come to think of it, I kind of enjoy it. It’s yet another plaisir du texte. And almost all these inclinations work their way into writing poems. I’ll never be one of those people who read tons, but I do think I’m at least a “textarian.” 

 

Last of all, I wanted to ask if you have any plans for meeting readers outside of Korea? Please do tell us what’s up next, whether new translations, readings, or other events. 

 

I do know that Natural History from the Edge of the Natural is in the middle of being translated by Spencer Lee-Lenfield, who translated Biologicity. It still has a number of steps to go through before it’s published, so for the moment, I’m just hoping that it all goes smoothly.

 

 

KOREAN WORKS MENTIONED:

  • Shin Hae-uk, Precise Arrangement (Minumsa, 2005) 신해욱, 『간결한 배치』 (민음사, 2005)

Shin Hae-uk, “White,” in Biologicity (tr. Spencer Lee- Lenfield, Black Ocean, 2024) 신해욱, 「화이트」 『생물성』 (문학과지성사, 2009) 

Shin Hae-uk, syzygy (Moonji, 2014) 신해욱, 『syzygy』 (문학과지성사, 2014) 

Shin Hae-uk, “Mysterious Object at Noon” and “Demolition,” in Caecilians (Moonji, 2019) 신해욱, 「정오의 신비한 물체」, 「파훼」, 『무족영원』 (문학과지성사, 2019) 

Shin Hae-uk, “The Noblewoman and the Grandmother,” “Humoresque,” and “On Location,” from Natural History from the Edge of the Natural (Spring Day Books, 2024) 신해욱, 「귀부인과 할머니」, 「유머레스크」, 「로케이션」, 『자연의 가장자리와 자연사』 (봄날의책, 2024) 

Shin Hae-uk, The Dream Reader Electrical Shop (Changbi, 2020) 신해욱, 『해몽전파사』 (창비, 2020) 

Shin Hae-uk, Looking out the Window (Moonji, 2021) 신해욱, 『창밖을 본다』 (문학과지성사, 2021) 

Shin Hae-uk, “Literature in Korean and the Pleasures of Foreign Objects” (Munhakdongne The Quarterly, Fall 2009) 신해욱, 「이물감의 쾌락과 한국어-문학」, 『문학동네 2009 가을』 (문학동네, 2009년)

 

 

Writer 필자 소개

Im Seungyu

Im Seungyu

Im Seungyu is a poet whose work first appeared in the journal Literature and Society in 2011: five poems, including “Keep Smiling.” Her collections include I Had a Kid (Worried I Wasn’t Enough), What Else Other Than That, I Came in Winter and You Were There in Summer, and The Development of Life. She has received the Kim Junseong Literary Award and the Hyundae Munhak Literary Award.

Translator 번역가 소개

Spencer Lee-Lenfield

Spencer Lee-Lenfield

Spencer Lee-Lenfield translates from Korean and hanmun. His translation of Shin Hae-uk’s Biologicity was nominated for the Lucien Stryk Prize in 2025. He is an Assistant Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard, where he teaches Translation Studies and researches Korean-English translation history.

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