The Pleasures of Folktales scrap
by Bora Chung
Translated by Eun Kyung Min
June 8, 2026
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Korean literature today is turning more than ever to the tradition of telling old stories. Myths and folktales are being revisited by storytellers to revive the power of stories long hidden in the shadows of the dazzling lights of modernity. These old stories subvert the confines of modern literary conventions by replacing reality with the unexpected twists of fantasy. A polyphony of interweaving, interpenetrating voices steps in to replace the speaker’s fixed point of view. Stories unfolding one after another carry us over the boundaries of genre. Is this new trend a nostalgic turn to our bygone past, or an acquiescence to the culture industry’s insistent demand for popular forms of storytelling? Here are the responses of two of our master storytellers. by Shin Soojeong |
Legends and folktales exist in all countries. Storytellers usually signal which genre their stories belong to by using distinct markers. Korean folktales, for instance, begin with “A long, long time ago,” sometimes followed by “when tigers used to smoke pipes.” In Poland, the most common expression used to signal the beginning of a folktale is “Beyond seven seas, beyond seven mountains” (Za siedmioma morzami, za siemioma górami). Sometimes Polish storytellers say instead, “Beyond seven mountains, beyond seven forests.” In Russia, there is a special formula that marks the beginning of a folktale: “There lived— there was—” (жил-был).
According to the Russian folklorist Vladimir Propp (Владимир Пропп, 1895-1970), the folktale features a peasant protagonist who goes on unusual or magical adventures and usually comes to a happy end. It is an oral genre created by peasants who told stories to entertain themselves during the offseason—the tediously long winter months, for instance. It’s important to note that folktales were told for fun. Folktales were not told to teach a lesson.
The same goes for legends and myths. According to Propp, legends are stories that explain how places got their shape and name. For instance, they might tell a story about a place called Crane Rock: “There once was a crane that lived in heaven. One day, for some reason, it fell down to Earth and became a rock . . . ” This kind of story is a legend. Myths, on the other hand, are stories that explain the origins of peoples and nations. The Dangun myth that recounts the origin of the Korean people is a good example. Here, too, there is no lesson.
Fables, on the other hand, teach lessons. Fables are short stories featuring animal protagonists. They inevitably come with a lesson at the end. The best-known western writer of fables is Jean de La Fontaine (1621-1695). La Fontaine’s fables are very short—eight to ten lines—and provide a lesson in the last two lines. These stories satirize the human world through animal voices; they are easy to follow, full of wit, and fun to read.
Although people tend to confuse fables with oral genres because they feature animal protagonists, stories transmitted through oral tradition—folktales, legends, and myths—are much older and usually go by the name of “tales.” Often (though not always) tales narrate mysterious and unusual happenings. Like fables, tales often feature nonhuman entities playing the main or supporting role. For instance, almost all countries have tales featuring foxes. So readers who read a story featuring a speaking fox will think of it as an “old” story—even if it takes place in the present, and even if it does not begin with “A long, long time ago” or “Beyond seven seas.”
Indeed, once readers recognize the story as “old,” they will usually have a fairly easy time accepting what happens in the story, no matter how unrealistic it gets. After all, that’s what old stories are like. Foxes can talk; rabbits can gnaw on human brains. If readers think “This is an old story,” they will accept what happens as natural. Even if the story proceeds in an unexpected fashion, they won’t resist; they will find it fresh and interesting. In this sense, old stories are a very powerful genre. They appeal to us at a very fundamental level.
Lessons interfere in this process of storytelling. In Cursed Bunny, there are many short stories featuring animals such as rabbits and speaking foxes. In Midnight Timetable, there is a haunted sheep (or sheep ghost). Both in Korea and abroad, readers have asked me what these animals symbolize. Some readers overseas worry about missing the unique, traditional Korean symbolism hidden in my stories. When I tell them that there is no symbolism involved, that there is no special meaning attached to haunted sheep in Korean culture, and that it’s all my invention, they look relieved. Stories can cast a heavy burden. Western readers schooled in the fable tradition and Korean readers who grew up answering multiple-choice questions about the “author’s intention” worry about missing the point.

Let me be clear. Not all narratives teach a lesson. In particular, folktales, which are often dubbed “old stories,” are a genre created for entertainment. I came to love Vladimir Propp for clarifying this point. With his extraordinary studies, Propp made Russian folktales a subject fit for serious academic study. Of course, there were scholars who collected and catalogued Russian folktales before him. Take Vladimir Dal (Владимир Даль, 1801-1872), for instance. He collected and catalogued hundreds of thousands of folktales for posterity. It’s hard to comprehend how he managed to collect such a jaw-dropping number of folktales back in those days, with no computers, recorders, and email to aid him.
Dal organized the folktales he collected by feature: some featured foxes, some bears, others witches, and so on. This was a common and intuitive way of classifying folktales. Propp, on the other hand, went a step farther. Many folktales feature foxes, but foxes don’t all play the same role. One fox may help the protagonist out of trouble by lending him good advice; another may kill a chicken or abduct a child. Propp argued that folktale characters have a “function” and that folktales should be classified according to their functions as well as narrative structure. For instance, a fox that helps a protagonist in trouble is a “helper,” whereas a fox that abducts the protagonist or deceives and endangers the protagonist is an “enemy.”
In folktales, the same character may have opposite functions, while contrary commands may have the same function. For instance, let’s say there’s a folktale in which a protagonist’s parents tell him, “Do not leave the house under any circumstance.” He will probably disobey them and leave the house anyway, because that’s how adventures begin. But adventures can also begin in a different way. Let’s say there is a king who initiates an adventure by commanding the protagonist to steal a heavenly horse from the neighboring country. Propp argues that the commands “Do not leave the house” and “Go to the neighboring country” in these folktales may look different but in fact have the same function, since both commands initiate the hero’s adventures. We all know that, no matter what parents say, children will end up doing exactly what they want. So Propp has a point here.
Propp’s Morphology of the Folktale (Морфология сказки, 1928) is a landmark study devoted to the analysis of the structure of folktales and the functions of the characters, including animals. Propp explained that he had adopted the term “morphology” from plant science in order to suggest that his study of narrative structure was similarly scientific. Before Propp’s Morphology of the Folktale, folklorists were only interested in whether the folktale had a fox or a bear in it, and whether or not it contained a lesson.
For me, it is comforting and inspiring to know that human beings probably began telling stories without lessons—stories invented purely to entertain—from the moment they began to speak, and are still telling stories today. My job is simply to write the most interesting stories possible.
Another book that revolutionized my understanding of old stories is Strange Tales from Korea (1996), edited by Park Yong-koo. I own a small paperback edition that I bought at a subway station somewhere. In this book, Park provides a selection of his translations of old Korean stories, originally recorded in hanmun, into modern Korean. In the preface, he provides some samples of the original hanmun texts and briefly compares them to his Korean translations. I learned from the preface that, until the Goryeo dynasty, about half of the Korean mountain spirits were female, and the other half male. In the Three Kingdoms period and the Goryeo dynasty, Koreans used geomancy to interpret topography. They believed that places with strong yang energy—sunny mountains with pointy peaks—were inhabited by male spirits, while locations with strong yin energy—mountains filled with deep, dark forests and teeming with springs—were populated by female spirits. Koreans explained the gender of dragons using the same geomancy principles. Dragons living in sunken areas under waterfalls were supposedly female because such damp places carved out by the sheer weight of falling water are full of yin energy.
In his preface, Park claims that all this changed with the establishment of the Joseon dynasty, as folktales adapted to the change in official ideology from Buddhism to Confucianism. Thereafter, powerful spirits such as mountain spirits all became male. Park was a writer of history novels. He was born in Seoul in 1923, and passed away in 1999, a few years after the publication of Strange Tales from Korea. He was hardly a feminist; he was simply stating a fact about the stories that he had read and translated. Until the Goryeo dynasty, in other words, people told numberless stories about the many female mountain spirits and female dragons that populated their imagination. Theirs was a balanced world-view that aligned with geomancy.
In her book Women Turned Ghosts, Heyjin Jeon similarly explains the connection between folk religion, folktales, and Confucian patriarchy. According to Jeon, the most representative Korean ghost—the vengeful virgin ghost—serves to expose the crimes suffered by women. The Tale of Janghwa and Hongryeon, for instance, concerns child abuse; The Legend of Lady Arang deals with sexual violence. Curiously, however, women in these tales can tell the truth about the crimes they suffered only after they die. And they can only take revenge through the help of a man—specifically, a local magistrate who belongs to the scholar-official class. This magistrate listens to their stories and punishes the criminals. And who are the criminals in question? In The Tale of Janghwa and Hongryeon, the criminal is the step-mother—basically another woman who is also a victim of Confucian patriarchy. In The Legend of Lady Arang, the criminal is a low-ranking government clerk—in other words, a lower-class man. The power to aid the suffering women, administer justice, and maintain patriarchal class order thus always rests in the hands of scholar-official men. Stories from the Three Kingdoms period are quite different. I believe our Korean ancestors were freer in the days before they became tangled up in Joseon neo-Confucianism.
I’d like to write stories that are free and enjoyable to read. In addition, I’d like to write stories that expand, rather than shrink, the boundaries of the world. For this reason, I try not to write stories that teach lessons. I am hardly fit to “teach” my readers in the first place. I prefer to write stories that readers can truly enjoy. Will it be fun if a fox speaks? Or if a cat knits? The process of asking such questions is part of the pleasures of storytelling.
I find help in folktales from other countries as well. In Russian folklore, there is a famous sorcerer named Koschei the Deathless. Koschei is usually portrayed as an old man whose role is to abduct princesses and lock them up. Nobody can kill Koschei by stabbing him or wounding him, because his death lies outside his body. In order to kill Koschei, the protagonist must break a needle, which is hidden in an egg, which is inside a hare, which is inside a duck, which is inside a chest chained up on an oak tree. (Or maybe inside a duck, which is inside a hare. I always get confused about their order.) The idea that our death might lie outside our body, and that we might have to undergo a complicated process to access it, is marvelous and captivating. I would love to come up with a character based on Koschei.
Some old stories boast an intricate narrative structure featuring multiple reversals. Recently, as I was thumbing through Samguk Yusa, I rediscovered the story “Shoot the Geomungo Case.” This short but truly memorable story leads the reader through a linked series of animals and a wonderfully unpredictable storyline with multiple narrative twists, before finally ending with my two favorite themes: adulterous passion and murder. Scholars say that, until the martyrdom of Ichadon, the Silla people held Buddhism in contempt. This is why the stories set in the early Silla period in Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa often feature adultery between the queen and the court priest. When their illicit love is discovered, they are punished or sentenced to death. Setting this historical context aside for now, I must say I find the narrative plot of “Shoot the Geomungo Case” enthralling. One day I would like to write a story that moves as quickly and as breathlessly from one incident to another, until ending with a conclusion you could not possibly predict.
Literature serves many roles. Literature records truth and expresses beauty. But literature also delights readers and helps them see the world from a different perspective. That’s no small role. We are always telling each other stories. Through stories we reflect on our lives and come to understand the world. Assuredly, technology may change and develop; AI may one day write novels. But we will continue to tell each other stories. After all, communicating with others is one of the most fundamental human desires. That’s why I tell stories. May they be enjoyable, quirky, and free.
KOREAN WORKS MENTIONED:
- · Bora Chung, Cursed Bunny (tr. Anton Hur, Honford Star, 2021)
정보라, 『저주토끼』 (래빗홀, 2025) - · Bora Chung, Midnight Timetable (tr. Anton Hur, Algonquin Books, 2025)
- 정보라, 『한밤의 시간표』 (퍼플레인, 2025)
- · Park Yong-koo, Strange Tales from Korea (Seomundang, 1996)
- 박용구, 『한국의 괴기담』 (서문당, 1996)
- · Heyjin Jeon, Women Turned Ghosts (Hyeonamsa, 2021)
- 전혜진, 『여성, 귀신이 되다』 (현암사, 2021)
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